Bruce Rapuano a B.A. degree from the University of Pennsylvania where he majored in Neurobiology and minored in Psychology, a Ph.D. in Neuropharmacology from the University of Connecticut and a J.D. from New York Law School. Dr. Rapuano has conducted independent biomedical research as a cell biologist at internationally recognized medical institutions including the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and the Hospital for Special Surgery, both located in New York City. He has authored or coauthored thirty scientific articles in peer-reviewed medical journals. He has published articles on topics such as the role of membrane phospholipids in nerve function, the skeletal effects of cancer metastases, metabolic bone diseases and the coordinate surface electrical and biological properties of titanium alloy implant materials. Dr. Rapuano has also worked concurrently as a medical research scientist and Associate Radiation Safety Officer at the Hospital for Special Surgery.